Ahmed, T.H. and Al-Mousawi , N.H. 2025. Review Article: Physiological and Immune Alterations in Atherosclerosis: From Endothelial Dysfunction to Chronic Inflammation. American Journal of Biology and Natural Sciences. 2, 11 (Nov. 2025), 1–9. DOI:https://doi.org/10.51699/ajbns.v2i11.1656.