Evaluation of the Efficacy of Grape Extracts on Hematological Parameters in Rats with Induced Leukemia
Downloads
Leukemia (blood cancer) is a serious disease that affects the bone marrow and leads to the production of large quantities of immature blood cells called blast cells. These cells do not function normally and crowd out healthy cells, leading to weakened immunity, anemia, and easy bleeding, In this study, leukemia was induced in a group of rats (experimental animals) They were then treated with natural substances extracted from grape skins, such as protein precipitate and fatty acid, in addition to methoxate, a chemotherapy drug used in cancer treatment.
After treatment, blood smears were taken from these rats and examined under a microscope to determine the extent of the disease The results showed that some natural extracts had a clear effect in reducing cancer cells and improving blood formation.
1. Aby, M., Smith, R., & Lee, J. (2024). Genetic and environmental factors in leukemia development. *Journal of Hematologic Research*.
2. Ahmed, M. A., Hassan, R. S., & Kamel, H. A. (2021). Therapeutic effects of grape peel extracts on hematopoiesis and oxidative stress in leukemia-induced rats. *Journal of Medicinal Plants Research*, 15(4), 88–95.
3. Ahmed, M. A., Hassan, R. S., & Kamel, H. A. (2023). Protective role of grape-derived extracts in hematopoiesis during leukemia: An experimental study. *Egyptian Journal of Experimental Biology*, 19(2), 130–138.
4. Al-Samarrai, K. I. (2018). Fatty acid profiling of grape peel extracts using Soxhlet and HPLC techniques. *Tikrit Journal of Pure Science*, 23(1), 33–40.
5. Al-Sayed, A., & El-Bakry, M. (2023). Omega-3 and omega-6-rich oil extract modulates WBCs and inflammation in leukemic animal models. *Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences*, 54(1), 55–63.
6. Al-Sheddi, E. S., Farshori, N. N., Al-Oqail, M. M., et al. (2023). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of grape phenolics including gallic and ellagic acids. *Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences*, 30(2), 456–463.
7. Al-Sumaidaie, A. (2023). Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from grape peels: An in vivo study. *Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences*, 54(2), 211–220.
8. Arber, D. A., Orazi, A., Hasserjian, R., et al. (2016). The 2016 revision to the World Health Organization classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia. *Blood*, 127(20), 2391–2405. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2016-03-643544
9. Bain, B. J., & Bene, M. C. (2019). Morphological findings in the diagnosis and monitoring of acute leukemia. *Hematology Education*, 13(1), 45–53.
10. Botsas, G., Dimitriou, K., & Lampros, A. (2023). Modern insights into leukemia pathophysiology. *Frontiers in Oncology*, 13, 10561.
11. El-Mahdy, A. R., Hegazi, N. M., & Refaat, A. (2021). Fatty acid composition and antioxidant activity of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) seed oil analyzed by HPLC and GC-MS techniques. *Journal of Food Biochemistry*, 45(5), e13676.
12. El-Moneim, A. E. A., et al. (2017). Benzene-induced leukemia model in rats: Hematological and pathological effects. *Journal of Experimental Toxicology*, 12(4), 301–308.
13. Farag, M. A. (2017). Grape-derived phytochemicals: Functional food perspective and disease prevention. *Journal of Functional Foods*, 29, 87–99.
14. Fong, E. T., Liew, H. C., & Chen, M. L. (2023). Grape extract and immune function enhancement in tumor-bearing models. *Antioxidants*, 12(5), 932.
15. Howard, S. C., McCormick, J., & Pui, C. H. (2016). Methotrexate and dihydrofolate reductase inhibition in childhood leukemia treatment. *Leukemia Research*, 45, 1–8.
16. Jacek, M. (2002). Bone marrow failure and anemia in leukemic conditions: Pathophysiological review. *Leukemia Biology Journal*, 14(3), 199–206.
17. Jasek, M., & Day, R. (2023). Hemoglobin suppression in leukemic anemia: Role of erythropoietic inhibition and marrow failure. *International Journal of Hematology Studies*, 31(2), 102–110.
18. Karakosta, M., Papadopoulos, A., & Zervas, I. (2016). Radiotherapy-related mutations in leukemogenesis. *European Journal of Cancer Studies*, 34(5), 305–311.
19. Khan, H. A., Qamar, W., & Fatima, M. (2022). Methotrexate-induced modulation of hematological markers in leukemic rats via DHFR inhibition. *Journal of Chemotherapy and Pharmacology*, 36(1), 88–96.
20. Kumar, A., Sharma, R., & Mehta, R. (2019). Inflammatory responses and immune stimulation in leukemic models. *Journal of Hematology Research*, 11(3), 177–185.
21. McPherson, R. A. (2017). *Henry’s Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods* (23rd ed.). Elsevier.
22. Pincus, M. R. (2017). *Clinical laboratory diagnostics: Case studies and applications*. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
23. Rai, A., Kaur, M., & Kaur, M. (2020). Evaluation of Sysmex XN-1000 for hematological parameters in experimental models. *Hematology Research*, 15(1), 45–53.
24. Sekar, R., Ramesh, R., & Natarajan, S. (2022). Histopathological features of bone marrow transformation in leukemic models. *Indian Journal of Hematology and Blood Transfusion*, 38(1), 58–66.
25. Swerdlow, S. H., Campo, E., Harris, N. L., et al. (2017). WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues (Revised 4th ed.). *International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)*, Lyon.
26. Tran, H. T., Nguyen, P. L., & Vo, T. K. (2023). Lifestyle and chemical exposure in leukemia progression. *International Journal of Oncology*, 49(2), 112–120.
27. Vicenztto, R. F., Moreira, G. S., & Andrade, J. P. (2023). Expansion of T-lymphocytes in acute leukemia and implications for immune evasion. *Frontiers in Immunology*, 14, 1084221.
28. Xiang, Q., Chen, R., & Wang, Z. (2023). Immunomodulatory effect of grape skin on oxidative stress. *Phytotherapy Research*, 37(3), 456–464.
29. Zhang, Y., Li, X., & Chen, H. (2020). Effect of bioactive proteins on immune modulation in leukemia-induced rats. *International Journal of Biological Macromolecules*, 163, 2434–2442.

