Immunohistochemical Characterization of Apoptotic and Macrophage Reactions in The Thyroid Gland Under Microelement Deficiency
Downloads
The study evaluates apoptotic activity and macrophage response in thyroid tissue under combined microelement deficiency (Mg, Fe, Se, Zn) using CD95 and CD163 markers in white outbred rats. Microelement deficiency was associated with increased CD95 expression, indicating enhanced apoptosis in thyrocytes, and elevated CD163 expression, reflecting activation of M2 macrophages and tissue remodeling. These changes demonstrate structural and functional alterations in the thyroid gland linked to increased cell death and immune reorganization.
[1] A. P. Weetman, “Autoimmune thyroid disease,” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 343, no. 17, pp. 1236–1248, 2000.
[2] L. H. Duntas and B. Biondi, “The interconnections between obesity, thyroid function, and autoimmunity,” Endocrine Reviews, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 431–459, 2013.
[3] J. H. Lazarus, “Thyroid disorders associated with iodine deficiency and excess,” Clinical Endocrinology, vol. 91, no. 3, pp. 277–287, 2019.
[4] M. Zimmermann and M. Boelaert, “Iodine deficiency and thyroid disorders,” Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 286–295, 2015.
[5] B. R. Roti and L. Chiovato, “Iodine deficiency disorders and thyroid autoimmunity,” Thyroid, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 493–500, 2000.
[6] G. Kroemer, L. Galluzzi, and C. Brenner, “Mitochondrial membrane permeabilization in cell death,” Physiological Reviews, vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 99–163, 2007.
[7] S. Elmore, “Apoptosis: A review of programmed cell death,” Toxicologic Pathology, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 495–516, 2007.
[8] T. S. Griffith and T. A. Ferguson, “The role of FasL-induced apoptosis in immune privilege,” Immunology Today, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 240–244, 1997.
[9] A. Mantovani, A. Sica, S. Sozzani, P. Allavena, A. Vecchi, and M. Locati, “The chemokine system in diverse forms of macrophage activation and polarization,” Trends in Immunology, vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 677–686, 2004.
[10] P. J. Murray and T. A. Wynn, “Protective and pathogenic functions of macrophage subsets,” Nature Reviews Immunology, vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 723–737, 2011.
[11] A. Sica and V. Bronte, “Altered macrophage differentiation and immune dysfunction in tumor development,” Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 117, no. 5, pp. 1155–1166, 2007.
[12] R. Volante, M. Papotti, and G. Bussolati, “Immunohistochemistry in thyroid pathology,” Endocrine Pathology, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2009.
[13] M. Baloch and V. A. Livolsi, “Pathology of thyroid and parathyroid disease,” Human Pathology, vol. 43, no. 12, pp. 1901–1916, 2012.
[14] D. S. Cooper and G. M. Doherty, “Management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer,” Thyroid, vol. 19, no. 11, pp. 1167–1214, 2009.
[15] J. A. Fagin and S. A. Wells, “Biologic and clinical perspectives on thyroid cancer,” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 375, no. 23, pp. 2307–2319, 2016.
