The Relationship between Salivary Sialic Acid Levels and Oral Health in Iraqi Pediatric Population
Downloads
Salivary sialic acid levels have been identified as potential biomarkers for assessing oral health, particularly in pediatric populations. In the Iraqi pediatric population, studies suggest that higher levels of sialic acid in saliva are often associated with various oral health conditions, including dental caries and periodontal disease. This study investigates the diagnostic potential of salivary sialic acid and its association with oral health parameters in children aged 5–15 years. Salivary samples from 100 healthy participants were collected and analyzed using spectrophotometric and ELISA techniques. The study employed statistical methods, including ANOVA, Student's T-test, linear correlation, and multiple regression, with a significance level set at p < 0.05.
Varki, A.; Gagneux, P. Multifarious roles of sialic acids in immunity. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2012, 1253, 16–36.
Groeger, S.E.; Meyle, J. Oral Mucosal Epithelial Cells. Front. Immunol. 2019, 14, 208.
Varki, A. Sialic acids as a unique class of sugars. Glycobiology. 1993, 3(2), 97-130.
Tada, A.; Senpuku, H. The Impact of Oral Health on Respiratory Viral Infection. Dent. J. 2021, 13, 43.
Ali, S.A.; Telgi, R.L.; Tirth, A.; Tantry, I.Q.; Aleem, A. Lactate dehydrogenase and β-glucuronidase as salivary biochemical markers of periodontitis among smokers and non-smokers. Sultan Qaboos Univ. Med. J. 2018, 18, e318–e323.
Kinane, D.F.; Stathopoulou, P.G.; Papapanou, P.N. Periodontal diseases. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers. 2017, 13, 17038.
Eguchi H., Ikeda Y., Ookawara T., Koyota S., Fujiwara N., Honke K., Wang P.G., Taniguchi N., Suzuki K. Modification of oligosaccharides by reactive oxygen species decreases sialyl lewis x-mediated cell adhesion. Glycobiology. 2005, 15, 1274-1282.
Cavas L., Arpinar P., Yurdakoc K. Possible interactions between antioxidant enzymes and free sialic acids in saliva: a preliminary study on elite judoists. Int. J. Sports Med. 2005, 26(10):832–835.
Jiang, Y.; Zhou, X.; Cheng, L.; Li, M. The impact of smoking on subgingival microflora: From periodontal health to disease. Front. Microbiol. 2020, 11, 66.
Chapple Iain L.C., Milward Mike R., Dietrich Thomas. The prevalence of inflammatory periodontitis is negatively associated with serum antioxidant concentrations. Am. Soc. Nutr. 2007, 137:657–664.
Dhotre Pradnya Shree, Suryakar Adinath N., Bhogade Rajashree B. Oxidative Stress in Periodontitis. Eur. J. Gen. Med. 2012;9(2):81–84.
Bawankar, P.V.; Kolte, A.P.; Kolte, R.A. Evaluation of stress, serum and salivary cortisol, and interleukin-1β levels in smokers and non-smokers with chronic periodontitis. J. Periodontol. 2018, 89, 1061–1068.
Beltrán-Aguilar Eugenio D., Eke Paul I., Thornton-Evans Gina, Petersen Poul E. Recording and surveillance systems for periodontal diseases. Periodontol 2000. 2012;60(1):40–53.
Srivastava, N.; Nayak, P.A.; Rana, S. Point of care: A novel approach to periodontal diagnosis—A review. J. Clin. Diagn. Res. 2017, 11, ZE01–ZE06.
Monje, A.; Amerio, E.; Farina, R.; Nart, J.; Ramanauskaite, A.; Renvert, S.; Roccuzzo, A.; Salvi, G.E.; Schwarz, F.; Trombelli, L.; et al. Significance of probing for monitoring peri-implant diseases. Int. J. Oral Implantol. 2021, 14, 385–399.
Jette Alan M., Feldman Henry A., Tennstedt Sharon L. Tobacco use: a modifiable risk factor for dental disease among the elderly. Am. J. Public Health. 1993;83(9):1305–1310.
Hendek, M.K.; Erdemir, E.O.; Kisa, U.; Ozcan, G. Effect of initial periodontal therapy on oxidative stress markers in gingival crevicular fluid, saliva, and serum in smokers and non-smokers with chronic periodontitis. J. Periodontol. 2015, 86, 273–282.
Arweiler, N.B.; Auschill, T.M.; Sculean, A. Patient self-care of periodontal pocket infections. Periodontol. 2000 2018, 76, 164–179.
Kobayashi, K.; Shono, C.; Mori, T.; Kitazawa, H.; Ota, N.; Kurebayashi, Y.; Suzuki, T. Protein-bound sialic acid in saliva contributes directly to salivary anti-influenza virus activity. Sci. Rep. 2022, 22, 6636.
Ali, S.A.; Telgi, R.L.; Tirth, A.; Tantry, I.Q.; Aleem, A. Lactate dehydrogenase and β-glucuronidase as salivary biochemical markers of periodontitis among smokers and non-smokers. Sultan Qaboos Univ. Med. J. 2018, 18, e318–e323.
Nazaryan, R.; Kryvenko, L. Salivary oxidative analysis and periodontal status in children with atopy. Interv. Med. Appl. Sci. 2017, 9, 199–203.
Naresh, C.K.; Rao, S.M.; Shetty, P.R.; Ranganath, V.; Patil, A.S.; Anu, A.J. Salivary antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde and sialic acid levels among smokers and nonsmokers with chronic periodontitis—A clinico-biochemical study. J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care. 2019, 8, 2960–2964.
Jawzaly, J., 2010. A PhD thesis, College of Dentistry, Hawler Medicinal University, Erbil, Iraq.
